The Chinese had mastered the production of porcelain long before the west became aware of it, and by the seventeenth century oriental porcelain had become a valuable export commodity in the China trade. Mostly provided by the Dutch East India Company, porcelain from China and Japan represented wealth, importance, and refined taste in Europe, while local attempts to produce porcelain, such as the brief experiment that produced "Medici porcelain" had met with failure. At the beginning of the eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger pretended he had solved the dream of the alchemists, to produce gold from worthless materials. When King Augustus II of Poland heard of it, he kept him in protective custody and requested him to produce gold. For years Johann Friedrich Böttger was unsuccessful in this effort. At the same time, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, a mathematician and scientist, experimented with the manufacture of glass, trying to make porcelain as well. Tschirnhaus supervised Böttger and by 1707 Böttger reluctantly started to help in the experiments by Tschirnhaus. When Tschirnhaus suddenly died, the recipe apparently was handed over to Böttger, who within one week announced to the Elector that he could make porcelain. Böttger refined the formula and with some Dutch co-workers, experienced in firing and painting tiles, the stage was set for the manufacturing of porcelain. In 1709, the Elector established the first Meissen manufactory, placed Böttger's laboratory at Albrechtsburg castle in Meissen and production started officially in 1710.
東洋からもたらされた白磁は、17世紀ごろの西洋社会では憧れの芸術品であった。各国が競ってその製造開発に乗り出し、ザクセン選帝侯兼ポーランド王のアウグスト2世も錬金術師ヨハン・フリードリッヒ・ベトガーを幽閉し、白磁を作るように命じた。ベトガーは物理学者・数学者・哲学者エーレンフリート・ヴァルター・フォン・チルンハウスらの協力を得て、1709年にザクセン・フォークラント地方のアウエ鉱山のカオリンを原料とした白磁の製造に成功した。アウグスト2世はこれに大満足し、西洋磁器の歴史の幕が開けた。翌1710年、ドレスデンに「王立ザクセン磁器工場」が設立され、硬質磁器製造の独占権が与えられた。これが現在の「国立マイセン磁器製作所」の始まりである。数ヵ月後に磁器工場は25km離れたエルベ川沿いのマイセン地方・アルブレヒト城の内部に移され、厳重に機密が保持された。また、同年1月23日には「ザクセンでは今や東インドと同等の磁器の製造が可能になった」という布告が出ている。なお、ベトガーは幽閉を解かれることなく、ただちに染付の複製を命じられた。しかしベトガーはこれを果たすことなく37歳で死亡した。近年の研究では、チルンハウスは1704年に既に磁器の焼成に成功していたのではないかとも考えられている
The Albrechtsburg was utilized to protect the secrets of the manufacture of the white gold. As a further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret (arcanum) of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain.In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that initially were painted on, but were soon fired in underglaze blue. Early markings such as AR (Augustus Rex, the monogram of the King), K.P.M. (Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur), M.P.M. (Meissener Porzellan-Manufaktur), and K.P.F. ("Königliche Porzellan-Fabrik) were eventually replaced by the crossed swords logo, based on the arms of the Elector of Saxony as Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Introduced in 1720, the logo was used consistently after 1731 by official decree. Variations in the logo allow approximate dating of the wares.German luxury watchmaker Glashutte Original produces a limited number of watches with hand-painted Meissen porcelain dials featuring the crossed swords logo.
マイセンはエルベ川の舟運により材料・製品の輸送が容易であり、また近辺には露天掘りでカオリンを採掘できる鉱山もあり(現在では坑道を掘って採掘)、この立地条件の良さが現在に至る繁栄を支えてきた。初期のマイセンのデザインは中国の五彩磁器や日本の伊万里焼の影響を受けているが、1720年にウィーンから招かれた絵付師ヨハン・グレゴリウス・ヘロルト(1696年 - 1775年)らによってヨーロッパ的なロココ調の作品が主流になった。1764年には工場私設の芸術学校が創設され、4年間の訓練・実習と専門課程が設けられている。また、1865年に作られた国立マイセン磁器製作所では、この芸術学校の卒業生が大勢働いている。贋作防止のため、マイセンの陶磁器には交差した2本の剣のトレードマークが1723年から用いられており、これは現在まで使われているトレードマークの中ではもっとも古くからあるものの一つである。なお、刃や鍔の傾きなどは年代によって変化している。
도기의 최고봉 마이센
Pinnacle Meissen porcelain
마이센의 기술과 정교함은 알버트 로열이나, 코펜하겐과는 또 다른 모양이다.
In the sophisticated technology of Meissen. the other form of another and Albert Royal Copenhagen.
왕실이 사용하던 마이센
Meissen was used by the Royal family
일반인은 바겐세일에도 살 수 없는 고가의 품격
Higher prices can not buy average person
명성과 도도한 마이센
Meissen fame and proud
많은 사람은 마이센을 만날 수 없다.
There are a lot of people who do not meet for Meissen
多くの人々 が マイセンを会うことがでいない.
어디든지 마니아는 있다.
どこにでもマニアはいる。
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