마이센

 

  

동양에서  전해 온 백자는 17세기경  서양사회에서는 놀라운 예술 작품이었다.각국이경쟁제조개발에 착수,작센 ,폴란드왕의아우구스트2세가연금술사요한프리드리히패트가 백자 만들 것을 명령했다. 패트카는물리학자·수학자·철학자발렌플 릿월터폰 작센 하우스의협력을 얻어,1709 에작센/포클랜트지방의 아와이 광산의 고령토를원료로 백자제조에성공했다.아우구스트2 세는이렇게대 만족 하면서 서양도자기의역사의막을열었다.이듬해인1710년드레스덴에왕립작센자기공장이 설립되어경질도자기제조의독점권을주어졌다.이것이현재 국립마이 센도자기제작소의 시작이다.몇 개월 후에도자기공장은25km떨어진엘베강변이 센지역알브레히트성곽의내부로 옮겨,엄격하게기밀이유지되었다.또한,같은 해1월23일에는 작센에서지금의 동 인도와  유사한 사기 그릇의 제조가가능하게 되었다는  포고문이나온다.게다가, 베타가를 폐지하는것이 아니라즉시청화 백자복제명령되었다.그러나 베트카는 결과를 볼 수 없는 37세에 사망했다.최근의연구에서는 작센  하우스는1704년에 이미도자기의 기술에성공했기 때문이 아닌가생각된다.

  

The Chinese had mastered the production of porcelain long before the west became aware of it, and by the seventeenth century oriental porcelain had become a valuable export commodity in the China trade. Mostly provided by the Dutch East India Company, porcelain from China and Japan represented wealth, importance, and refined taste in Europe, while local attempts to produce porcelain, such as the brief experiment that produced "Medici porcelain" had met with failure.　At the beginning of the eighteenth century Johann Friedrich Böttger pretended he had solved the dream of the alchemists, to produce gold from worthless materials. When King Augustus II of Poland heard of it, he kept him in protective custody and requested him to produce gold. For years Johann Friedrich Böttger was unsuccessful in this effort. At the same time, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, a mathematician and scientist, experimented with the manufacture of glass, trying to make porcelain as well. Tschirnhaus supervised Böttger and by 1707 Böttger reluctantly started to help in the experiments by Tschirnhaus. When Tschirnhaus suddenly died, the recipe apparently was handed over to Böttger, who within one week announced to the Elector that he could make porcelain. Böttger refined the formula and with some Dutch co-workers, experienced in firing and painting tiles, the stage was set for the manufacturing of porcelain. In 1709, the Elector established the first Meissen manufactory, placed Böttger's laboratory at Albrechtsburg castle in Meissen and production started officially in 1710.

東洋からもたらされた白磁は、17世紀ごろの西洋社会では憧れの芸術品であった。各国が競ってその製造開発に乗り出し、ザクセン選帝侯兼ポーランド王のアウグスト2世も錬金術師ヨハン・フリードリッヒ・ベトガーを幽閉し、白磁を作るように命じた。ベトガーは物理学者・数学者・哲学者エーレンフリート・ヴァルター・フォン・チルンハウスらの協力を得て、1709年にザクセン・フォークラント地方のアウエ鉱山のカオリンを原料とした白磁の製造に成功した。アウグスト2世はこれに大満足し、西洋磁器の歴史の幕が開けた。翌1710年、ドレスデンに「王立ザクセン磁器工場」が設立され、硬質磁器製造の独占権が与えられた。これが現在の「国立マイセン磁器製作所」の始まりである。数ヵ月後に磁器工場は25km離れたエルベ川沿いのマイセン地方・アルブレヒト城の内部に移され、厳重に機密が保持された。また、同年1月23日には「ザクセンでは今や東インドと同等の磁器の製造が可能になった」という布告が出ている。なお、ベトガーは幽閉を解かれることなく、ただちに染付の複製を命じられた。しかしベトガーはこれを果たすことなく37歳で死亡した。近年の研究では、チルンハウスは1704年に既に磁器の焼成に成功していたのではないかとも考えられている

  

 

  

마이센은엘베강 주변에  의해재료 및제품의수송이용이하며또한 부근에는고령토채굴광산도 있었음 (현재는갱도를 판 채광산 있음)이입지조건좋은 점이현재에 이르기까지번영을 유지해 왔다.초기의마이센의디자인은중국의 오채및일본의 이마리 도기의 영향을 받으면서,1720년에비엔나에서 초대된 요한/그레고리/헤롯드(1696년-1775)에 의해유럽적인로코코의작품이주류에 되었다.1764년에는공장사설예술학교가 설립되고4 년간훈련/실습전문과정이마련되어있다.또한, 1865년에제작된국립마이센도자기제작소에서 이예술학교졸업생이많이일하고 있다.모조품방지를 위해마이센도자기는교차한 2개의 칼의 트레이드 마크는1723년에서채택되었으며,이것은현재까지사용되는상표중에서 가장오래 된것  중 하나다. 칼이나 마크는  연대 순에 따라변하고 있다.

The Albrechtsburg was utilized to protect the secrets of the manufacture of the white gold. As a further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret (arcanum) of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain.In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that initially were painted on, but were soon fired in underglaze blue. Early markings such as AR (Augustus Rex, the monogram of the King), K.P.M. (Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur), M.P.M. (Meissener Porzellan-Manufaktur), and K.P.F. ("Königliche Porzellan-Fabrik) were eventually replaced by the crossed swords logo, based on the arms of the Elector of Saxony as Arch-Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire. Introduced in 1720, the logo was used consistently after 1731 by official decree. Variations in the logo allow approximate dating of the wares.German luxury watchmaker Glashutte Original produces a limited number of watches with hand-painted Meissen porcelain dials featuring the crossed swords logo. 

  

マイセンはエルベ川の舟運により材料・製品の輸送が容易であり、また近辺には露天掘りでカオリンを採掘できる鉱山もあり（現在では坑道を掘って採掘）、この立地条件の良さが現在に至る繁栄を支えてきた。初期のマイセンのデザインは中国の五彩磁器や日本の伊万里焼の影響を受けているが、1720年にウィーンから招かれた絵付師ヨハン・グレゴリウス・ヘロルト（1696年 - 1775年）らによってヨーロッパ的なロココ調の作品が主流になった。1764年には工場私設の芸術学校が創設され、4年間の訓練・実習と専門課程が設けられている。また、1865年に作られた国立マイセン磁器製作所では、この芸術学校の卒業生が大勢働いている。贋作防止のため、マイセンの陶磁器には交差した2本の剣のトレードマークが1723年から用いられており、これは現在まで使われているトレードマークの中ではもっとも古くからあるものの一つである。なお、刃や鍔の傾きなどは年代によって変化している。 

  

 

도기의 최고봉 마이센 

Pinnacle Meissen porcelain 

陶器の最高峰マイセン

 

마이센의 기술과 정교함은 알버트 로열이나, 코펜하겐과는 또 다른 모양이다. 

In the sophisticated technology of Meissen. the other form of another and Albert Royal Copenhagen.

マイセンの技術と洗練されたものにはアルバート・ロイヤル、コペンハーゲンとは別の形態である。

  

 

왕실이 사용하던 마이센 

Meissen wasused bythe Royal family  

王室が使用していたマイセン

  

 

일반인은 바겐세일에도 살 수 없는 고가의 품격 

Higher prices can not buy average person 

一般人はバーゲンも買うことができない高い価格

  

 

명성과 도도한 마이센 

Meissen  fame and  proud 

名声高く、自慢しているマイセン

  

 

많은 사람은 마이센을 만날 수 없다. 

There are a lot ofpeople whodonot meetfor Meissen 

多くの人々 が マイセンを会うことがでいない. 

 

어디든지 마니아는 있다. 

Maniaiseverywhere.

どこにでもマニアはいる。